In Topsys & Turvys Number 2 (1902), Newell ended with a variation on the ambigram in which The end changes into Puzzle 2. The last page in his book Topsys & Turvys contains the phrase The end, which, when inverted, reads Puzzle. Although better known for his children's books and illustrations for MarkвЂ…Twain and LewisвЂ…Carroll, he published two books of reversibleвЂ…illustrations, in which the picture turns into a different image entirely when flipped upsideвЂ…down. The earliest known non-natural rotational ambigram dates to 1893 by artist PeterвЂ…Newell.

Mirror writing in IslamicвЂ…calligraphy flourished during the early modern period, but its origins may stretch as far back as pre-Islamic mirror-image rock inscriptions in the Hejaz. This two-way writing system reveals that modern ambigrams can have quite ancient origins, with an intuitive component in some minds. Also, the individual characters are reversed, or mirrored. Rather than going left-to-right as in modern European languages, or right-to-left as in Arabic and Hebrew,ДЄlternate lines in boustrophedon must be read in opposite directions. It is sometimes turned into a mirror ambigram when written in capital letters with the removal of spaces, and the stylization of the letter N (Н¶).ДЄ boustrophedon is a type of bi-directionalвЂ…text, mostly seen in ancient manuscripts and other inscriptions.Д®very other line of writing is flipped or reversed, with reversed letters.

In ancientвЂ…Greek, the phrase 'ОќО™ОЁОџОќвЂ…О‘ОќОџОњО—ОњО‘О¤О‘вЂ…ОњО—вЂ…ОњОџОќО‘ОќвЂ…ОџОЁО™Оќ' ( wash the sins, not only the face), is a palindrome found in several locations, including the site of the church HagiaвЂ…Sophia in Turkey. They are generally palindromes stylized to be visually symmetrical. ДЄlthough the term is recent, the existence of mirror ambigrams has been attested since at least the firstвЂ…millennium. This engraving is therefore readable in four directions. The first SatorвЂ…square palindrome was found in the ruins of Pompeii, meaning it was created before 79вЂ…AD.ДЄ sator square using the mirrorвЂ…writing for the representation of the letters S and N was carved in a stone wall in OppГЁde (France) between the RomanвЂ…Empire and the MiddleвЂ…Ages, thus producing a work made up of 25 letters and 8 different characters, 3 naturally symmetrical (A, T, O), 3 others decipherable from left to right (R, P, E), and 2 others from right to left (S, N). Many ambigrams can be described as graphic palindromes. 6.7.1 ClothingвЂ…andвЂ…fashionвЂ…involvingвЂ…ambigramsДЄmbigrams published in TheвЂ…StrandвЂ…Magazine, june 1908.6.4 AmbigramsвЂ…inвЂ…philosophyвЂ…andвЂ…cognition.6.1.5 AmbigramsвЂ…inвЂ…drawingsвЂ…andвЂ…paintings.4.2.2 HorizontalвЂ…axisвЂ…reflectionвЂ…ambigrams.4.2.1 VerticalвЂ…axisвЂ…reflectionвЂ…ambigrams.There are methods to design an ambigram, a field in which some artists have become specialists. Numerous ambigram logos are famous, and ambigram tattoos become increasingly popular. Drawing symmetrical words constitutes also a recreationalвЂ…activity for amateurs. It is a recent interdisciplinary concept, combining art, literature, mathematics, cognition, and opticalвЂ…illusions. 'Half-turn' ambigrams undergo a pointвЂ…reflection (180В° rotationalвЂ…symmetry) and can be read upside down, mirror ambigrams have an axialвЂ…symmetry and can be read through a reflective surface (like a mirror or a mirroringвЂ…lake), and many other types of ambigrams exist.ДЄmbigrams are found in different languages, various alphabets and the notion often extends to numbers and other symbols. When flipped, they remain unchanged, or they mutate to reveal another meaning. Most often, ambigrams appear as visually symmetrical words. The term was coined by DouglasвЂ…Hofstadter in 1983. 180В° rotational symmetryДЄn ambigram is a calligraphic design that has several interpretations as written.

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